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Child Development: Erikson's Muscular-Anal Stage

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1 year to 3 years

  • Biologically includes learning to walk, feed self, talk

  • Muscular maturation sets stage for "holding on and letting go"

  • Need for outer control, firmness of caretaker prior to development of autonomy

  • Shame occurs when child is overtly self-conscious via negative exposure

  • Self-doubt can evolve if parents overly shame child, e.g. about elimination

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